Teihana Whakakī Hinu Hauwai
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Te Whare Matū Whakauru
Ngā Taputapu Matua
Auahatanga, whakatairanga me te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakaputa pūngao hauwai -- he rangahau take mō Ally Hi-Tech
Hononga Taketake:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/--dP1UU_LS4zg3ELdHr-Sw
Tuhipoka a te ētita: He tuhinga tēnei i whakaputaina tuatahitia e te pūkete mana o Wechat: China Thinktank
I te 23 o Poutū-te-rangi, i whakaputa ngātahi te Komihana Whakawhanake me te Whakahoutanga ā-Motu me te Whakahaere Pūngao ā-Motu o Haina i te mahere wā-waenga me te wā-roa mō te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao hauwai (2021-2035) (e kiia nei ko te mahere), i tautuhia ai te āhuatanga pūngao o te hauwai, ā, i whakaarohia ko te pūngao hauwai he wāhanga nui o te pūnaha pūngao ā-motu ā muri ake nei, me te huarahi matua o ngā umanga rautaki hou. Ko te waka pūtau wahie te mara matua o te tono pūngao hauwai me te putanga whakamua o te whanaketanga ahumahi i Haina.
I te tau 2021, i raro i te kaupapa here whakaaturanga me te tono waka pūtau wahie ā-motu, i whakarewahia ngā rohe tāone e rima o Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hebei me Henan, ā, i tīmata te whakarewatanga o te whakaaturanga me te tono nui o te 10000 waka pūtau wahie, ā, kua whakatinanahia te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao hauwai i raro i te whakaaturanga me te tono waka pūtau wahie.
I taua wā anō, kua puta ngā whanaketanga hou i roto i te whakamahinga me te tūhuratanga o te pūngao hauwai i roto i ngā mara ehara i te kawe waka pēnei i te maitai, te ahumahi matū me te hanga. I te heke mai, ka nui te hiahia mō te hauwai nā te whakamahinga kanorau me ngā whakamahinga maha o te pūngao hauwai. E ai ki te matapae a te China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, i te tau 2030, ka eke te hiahia o Haina mō te hauwai ki te 35 miriona tana, ā, ko te pūngao hauwai ka eke ki te 5% o te pūnaha pūngao whakamutunga o Haina; i te tau 2050, ka tata te hiahia mō te hauwai ki te 60 miriona tana, neke atu i te 10% o te pūnaha pūngao whakamutunga o Haina te pūngao hauwai, ā, ko te uara putanga ā-tau o te mekameka ahumahi ka eke ki te 12 trillion yuan.
Mai i te tirohanga whanaketanga ahumahi, kei te tīmatanga tonu te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao hauwai o Haina. I roto i te tukanga tono, whakaaturanga me te whakatairanga i te pūngao hauwai, ko te korenga o te tuku me te utu nui o te hauwai mō te pūngao he raruraru uaua tonu e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao hauwai o Haina. Hei hononga matua o te tuku hauwai, kei te kitea tonu ngā raruraru o te utu nui o waho o te wheketere me te utu rokiroki me te kawe nui o te hauwai waka.
Nō reira, me tere ake te mahi auaha, te whakatairanga me te whakamahi i te hangarau whakaputa hauwai iti te utu, me whakapai ake i te ōhanga o te whakaaturanga mā te whakaiti i te utu o te tuku pūngao hauwai, me te tautoko i te whakaaturanga nui o ngā waka pūtau wahie, kātahi ka akiaki i te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao hauwai katoa.
He Raru Nui te Utu Nui o te Hauwai i roto i te Whanaketanga o te Ahumahi Pūngao Hauwai o Haina
He whenua nui a Haina e whakaputa ana i te hauwai. Kei roto i ngā ahumahi matū hinu, matū, tunu kai me ētahi atu ahumahi te hanga hauwai. Ko te nuinga o te hauwai e hangaia ana ka whakamahia hei hua takawaenga mō te whakamahine hinu, te haukini hangai, te methanol me ētahi atu hua matū. E ai ki ngā tatauranga a te China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, ko te hanga hauwai i Haina i tēnei wā e tata ana ki te 33 miriona tana, ko te nuinga mai i te waro, te hau māori me ētahi atu pūngao pūmua me te purenga hau hua taha ahumahi. I roto i ēnei, ko te putanga o te hanga hauwai mai i te waro he 21.34 miriona tana, e 63.5% te nui. Whai muri ko te hanga hauwai hua taha ahumahi me te hau māori, me te putanga o te 7.08 miriona tana me te 4.6 miriona tana. He iti noa te hanga hauwai mā te hiko wai, tata ki te 500000 tana.
Ahakoa kua pakari te tukanga hanga hauwai ā-umanga, kua oti te mekameka ā-umanga, ā, he ngāwari te hoko, he nui tonu ngā wero e pā ana ki te tuku pūngao hauwai. Ko te nui ake o te utu rauemi mata me te utu kawe o te hanga hauwai ka hua ake te utu tuku whakamutunga o te hauwai. Hei whakatutuki i te rongonuitanga nui me te whakamahinga o te hangarau pūngao hauwai, ko te mea nui ko te wawahi i te arai o te utu hoko hauwai me te utu kawe. I roto i ngā tikanga hanga hauwai o nāianei, he iti te utu o te hanga hauwai waro, engari he teitei te taumata tukunga waro. He nui te utu e pau ana te pūngao o te hanga hauwai mā te hiko wai i roto i ngā ahumahi nui.
Ahakoa te iti o te hiko, neke atu i te 20 yuan/kg te utu hanga hauwai. Ko te iti o te utu me te iti o te tukunga waro o te hanga hauwai mai i te whakarērea o te hiko o te pūngao hou he huarahi nui mō te whiwhi hauwai ā muri ake nei. I tēnei wā, kua āta pakari te hangarau, engari he tawhiti te wāhi hoko, he tino teitei te utu kawe, ā, kāore he kaupapa whakatairanga me te tono. Mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga utu hauwai, 30 ~ 45% o te utu o te hauwai pūngao ko te utu o te kawe me te whakakī hauwai. Ko te hangarau kawe hauwai o nāianei e hangai ana ki te hauwai hau pēhanga teitei he iti ake te rahinga kawe waka kotahi, he iti te uara ōhanga o te kawe tawhiti, ā, kāore anō kia pakari ngā hangarau rokiroki me te kawe totoka me te hauwai wai. Ko te tuku atu i te hauwai hau ki te teihana whakakī hinu hauwai tonu te huarahi matua.
I roto i ngā whakaritenga whakahaere o nāianei, kei te rārangi tonu te hauwai hei whakahaere matū morearea. Me uru te hanga hauwai ahumahi nui ki te papa ahumahi matū. Kāore te hanga hauwai nui e rite ki te hiahia mō te hauwai mō ngā waka kore-whakahaere, ka hua ake he utu hauwai teitei. Me tere te hiahia ki tētahi hangarau hanga hauwai me te whakakī hinu tino whakauru hei whakatutuki i tētahi putanga hou. He tika te taumata utu mō te hanga hauwai hau māori, ka taea ai te whakatutuki i te tuku nui me te pumau. Nō reira, i ngā rohe he nui te hau māori, ko te teihana hanga hauwai me te whakakī hinu whakauru e ahu mai ana i te hau māori he kōwhiringa tuku hauwai whaihua me te huarahi pono hei whakatairanga i te teihana whakakī hinu hauwai hei whakaiti i te utu me te whakaoti i te raruraru uaua o te whakakī hinu i ētahi rohe. I tēnei wā, e 237 ngā teihana hanga hauwai whakauru kua whakanohoia ki runga i te papa reti i te ao, e 1/3 o te tapeke o ngā teihana whakakī hinu hauwai o tāwāhi. I roto i a rātou, ko Hapani, ko Ūropi, ko Amerika Te Raki me ētahi atu rohe e whakamahi whānui ana i te aratau whakahaere o te hanga hauwai me te teihana whakakī hinu whakauru i roto i te teihana. Mō te āhua o te kāinga, kua tīmata a Foshan, Weifang, Datong, Zhangjiakou me ētahi atu wāhi ki te tūhura i te hanganga whakamātautau me te whakahaere i ngā teihana whakaputa me te whakakī hinu hauwai whakauru. E taea ana te matapae i muri i te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa here me ngā ture whakahaere hauwai me te whakaputa hauwai, ko te teihana whakaputa me te whakakī hinu hauwai whakauru te whiringa pono mō te whakahaere arumoni o te teihana whakakī hinu hauwai.
He wheako ki te Auahatanga, te Whakatairanga me te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Hanga Hauwai o Ally Hi-Tech
Hei hinonga ārahi i te ao hanga hauwai i Haina, kua neke atu i te 20 tau a Ally Hi-Tech e arotahi ana ki te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā otinga pūngao hou me ngā hangarau hanga hauwai matatau mai i tōna whakatūnga. I roto i ngā ao hangarau hanga hauwai hau māori iti-tauine, hangarau hanga hauwai methanol whakakōkī catalytic, hangarau hanga hauwai hiko wai pāmahana-teitei, hangarau hanga hauwai wehewehe haukini, hangarau haukini hangai iti-tauine, kaitahuri methanol monomer nui, pūnaha hanga hauwai me te hauwai whakauru, hangarau purenga ahunga hauwai waka, he maha ngā putanga hou kua mahia i roto i ngā ao hangarau matatau pēnei i ngā mea kua whakarārangihia i runga ake nei.
Me haere tonu te whakatairanga i te auahatanga hangarau i roto i te hanga hauwai.
Ko te mahi hanga hauwai te kaupapa matua o Ally Hi-Tech, ā, kei te haere tonu tana mahi auaha hangarau i roto i te hanga hauwai pērā i te hurihanga methanol, te whakahounga hau māori me te purenga PSA o te hauwai. I roto i ēnei, ko te huinga kotahi o ngā taputapu hanga hauwai hurihanga methanol i whakawhanakehia me te hoahoa motuhake e te kamupene he kaha hanga hauwai o te 20000 Nm³/h. Ka eke te pēhanga mōrahi ki te 3.3Mpa, ka eke ki te taumata matatau o te ao, me ngā painga o te iti o te whakamahinga pūngao, te haumaru me te pono, te tukanga māmā, te kore e tirotirohia, me ētahi atu; Kua angitu te kamupene i roto i te hangarau hanga hauwai o te whakahounga hau māori (tikanga SMR).
Kua whakamahia te hangarau whakahou whakawhiti wera, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa hauwai o tētahi huinga taputapu kotahi e tae atu ana ki te 30000Nm³/h. Ka taea e te pēhanga mōrahi te eke ki te 3.0MPa, ka tino whakaitihia te utu haumi, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakapaunga pūngao o te hau māori mā te 33%; Mō te hangarau purenga ahunga hauwai adsorption pressure swing (PSA), kua whakawhanakehia e te kamupene he maha ngā huinga hangarau purenga hauwai katoa, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa hauwai o tētahi huinga taputapu kotahi he 100000 Nm³/h. Ko te pēhanga mōrahi he 5.0MPa. He āhuatanga o te taumata teitei o te aunoatanga, te whakahaere ngāwari, te taiao pai me te roa o te ora ratonga. Kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te mara o te wehenga hau ahumahi.
Pikitia 1: Huinga Taputapu Whakaputa H2 nā Ally Hi-Tech
Te aro nui ki te whakawhanaketanga me te whakatairanga i ngā hua raupapa pūngao hauwai.
I a ia e whakahaere ana i te auahatanga hangarau whakaputa hauwai me te whakawhanake hua, ka aro nui a Ally Hi-Tech ki te whakawhānui ake i te whanaketanga hua i roto i te mara o ngā pūtau wahie hauwai i raro iho, ka whakatairanga kaha i te R&D me te tono o ngā whakakorikori, ngā mea mimiti, ngā takirere whakahaere, ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai iti modular me te pūnaha tuku hiko pūtau wahie roa-ora, me te whakatairanga kaha i te hangarau me ngā taputapu o te teihana whakaputa hauwai me te teihana hauwai whakauru. Mō te whakatairanga hua, he whānui te tohu ngaio o te hoahoa hangarau a Ally Hi-Tech. E whakapau kaha ana ki te whakarato hua me ngā ratonga otinga pūngao hauwai kotahi-mutu, ā, ka tere te whakatairanga i te tono mākete hua.
Kua kitea ngā whanaketanga hou i roto i te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai.
I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 620 ngā huinga taputapu hanga hauwai me te purenga hauwai kua hangaia e Ally Hi-Tech. I roto i ēnei, neke atu i te 300 ngā huinga taputapu hanga hauwai methanol kua whakatairangahia e Ally Hi-Tech, neke atu i te 100 ngā huinga taputapu hanga hauwai hau māori me neke atu i te 130 ngā huinga taputapu kaupapa PSA nui, ā, kua whakahaerehia e ia he maha ngā kaupapa hanga hauwai o ngā kaupapa ā-motu.
Kua mahi tahi a Ally Hi-Tech me ngā kamupene rongonui o te kāinga me tāwāhi, pērā i a Sinopec, PetroChina, Zhongtai Chemical, Plug Power Inc. America, Air Liquid France, Linde Germany, Praxair America, Iwatani Japan, BP me ētahi atu. Ko tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga taputapu katoa me te nui rawa atu o ngā taputapu hanga hauwai iti me te rahi o te ao. I tēnei wā, kua kaweakehia ngā taputapu hanga hauwai Ally Hi-Tech ki ngā whenua me ngā rohe 16 pērā i te United States, Japan, South Korea, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand me South Africa. I te tau 2019, i kaweakehia ngā taputapu hanga hauwai hau taiao whakauru tuatoru o Ally Hi-Tech ki American Plug Power Inc., i hoahoatia, i hangaia hoki i runga i ngā paerewa o Amerika, ā, i hangaia hei tauira mō ngā taputapu hanga hauwai hau taiao o Haina kia kaweakehia ki te United States.
Pikitia 2. Ngā taputapu hanga hauwai me te whakauru hauwai i kaweakehia e Ally Hi-Tech ki te Hononga o Amerika
Te hanganga o te puranga tuatahi o te teihana hanga hauwai me te teihana whakauru hauwai.
I runga i ngā raruraru mahi o ngā pūtake kore pumau me ngā utu nui o te hauwai mō te pūngao, e whakapau kaha ana a Ally High-Tech ki te whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakaputa hauwai tino whakauru, me te whakamahi i te pūnaha tuku methanol kua pakari, te whatunga paipa hau māori, ngā teihana whakakī CNG me te LNG hei hanga anō me te whakawhānui i te teihana whakaputa hauwai me te whakakī hinu whakauru. I te marama o Hepetema 2021, i whakatūria te teihana whakaputa hauwai me te whakakī hauwai tuatahi o te motu i raro i te kirimana whānui a Ally Hi-Tech ki te teihana whakakī hauwai hau Nanzhuang o Foshan.
Kua hangaia te teihana me te huinga kotahi o te waeine whakaputa hauwai whakahou hau maori 1000kg/rā me te huinga kotahi o te waeine whakaputa hauwai hiko wai 100kg/rā, me te kaha hauwaitanga o waho o te 1000kg/rā. He teihana hauwaitanga whakauru noa iho tēnei "hanga hauwai + pēhi + rokiroki + whakakī". Ko ia te kaiārahi i roto i te whakamahi i te hangarau whakakorikori huringa pāmahana whānui me te hangarau purenga tahi aronga e pai ana ki te taiao i roto i te umanga, e whakapai ake ana i te pai o te whakaputa hauwai mā te 3% me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao o te whakaputa hauwai. He nui te whakaurunga o te teihana, he iti te papa me ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai whakauru.
Mā te hanga hauwai i roto i te teihana ka whakaitihia ngā hononga kawe hauwai me te utu o te rokiroki me te kawe hauwai, ka whakaitihia tika te utu o te kai hauwai. Kua rāhuitia e te teihana he atanga o waho, ka taea te whakakī i ngā wakatō ngongo roa, ā, ka mahi hei teihana matua hei whakarato puna hauwai mō ngā teihana hauwai e karapoti ana, ka hanga he teihana matua whakauru hauwai ā-rohe. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki te hanga anō me te whakawhānui i tēnei teihana hanga hauwai me te hauwai whakauru i runga i te pūnaha tohatoha methanol o nāianei, te whatunga paipa hau māori me ētahi atu whakaurunga, tae atu ki ngā teihana penehīni me ngā teihana whakakī CNG me te LNG, he ngāwari ki te whakatairanga me te whakatinana.
Ahua 3 Teihana hanga hauwai me te whakapūtanga hauwai whakauru i Nanzhuang, Foshan, Guangdong
Ka ārahi kaha i te auahatanga ahumahi, te whakatairanga me te tono me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga me te mahi tahi o te ao.
Hei hinonga hangarau matua o te Kaupapa Rama ā-motu, he hinonga whakaaturanga ōhanga hou i te Porowini o Sichuan, me te hinonga hou motuhake i te Porowini o Sichuan, ka ārahi kaha a Ally Hi-Tech i te auahatanga o te ahumahi, ka whakatairanga i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga me te mahi tahi o te ao. Mai i te tau 2005, kua whakaratohia e Ally Hi-Tech ngā hangarau me ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai i roto i ngā kaupapa pūtau wahie 863 nui o te motu - te teihana whakakī hinu hauwai o Shanghai Anting, te teihana whakakī hinu hauwai Olympic o Beijing me te teihana whakakī hinu hauwai o Shanghai World Expo, ā, kua whakaratohia hoki ki ngā kaupapa teihana whakaputa hauwai katoa o te pokapū whakarewatanga ātea o Haina ngā paerewa teitei.
Hei mema mō te Komiti Paerewa Pūngao Hauwai ā-Motu, kua whai wāhi kaha a Ally Hi-Tech ki te hanganga o te pūnaha paerewa pūngao hauwai i te kāinga me tāwāhi, kua ārahi i te tuhi i tētahi paerewa pūngao hauwai ā-motu, ā, kua whai wāhi ki te whakatakoto i ngā paerewa ā-motu e whitu me tētahi paerewa ā-ao. I taua wā anō, kua kaha te whakatairanga a Ally Hi-Tech i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga me te mahi tahi o te ao, kua whakatūria a Chengchuan Technology Co., Ltd. i Hapani, kua whakawhanake i tētahi whakatupuranga hou o te hangarau whakaputa hauwai, te hangarau whakaputa tahi SOFC me ngā hua e pā ana, ā, kua mahi tahi me ngā kamupene i te United States, Tiamana me Hapani i roto i ngā mara o te hangarau whakaputa hauwai hiko wai hou me te hangarau haukini hangai iti. Me te 45 ngā patent mai i Haina, te United States me te Uniana o Europi, he hinonga hangarau me te hokohoko noa a Ally Hi-Tech.
Whakaaro Kaupapahere
E ai ki te tātari i runga ake nei, i runga i te auahatanga o te hangarau whakaputa hauwai, kua kitea e Ally Hi-Tech ngā whanaketanga hou i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai, te whakatairanga me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai, te hanganga me te whakahaere i te teihana whakaputa hauwai me te teihana whakakī hinu whakauru, he mea nui ki te auahatanga hangarau motuhake a Haina mō te pūngao hauwai me te whakaiti i te utu o te whakamahinga pūngao hauwai. Hei whakarite me te whakapai ake i te tuku pūngao hauwai, hei whakatere i te hanganga o tētahi whatunga tuku pūngao hauwai haumaru, pumau me te whai hua, me te hanga i tētahi pūnaha whakaputa hauwai kanorau ma, iti-waro me te utu iti, me whakapakari a Haina i te auahatanga hangarau whakaputa hauwai me te whanaketanga hua, te wawahi i ngā here o ngā kaupapa here me ngā ture, me te whakatenatena i ngā taputapu me ngā tauira hou me te pūmanawa mākete hei whakamātau tuatahi. Mā te whakapai ake i ngā kaupapa here tautoko me te arotau i te taiao ahumahi, ka āwhina mātou i te ahumahi pūngao hauwai o Haina kia whanake me te kounga teitei, ā, ka tautoko kaha i te huringa matomato o te pūngao.
Whakapai ake i te pūnaha kaupapa here mō te umanga pūngao hauwai.
I tēnei wā, kua whakaputaina te "tūnga rautaki me ngā kaupapa here tautoko mō te umanga pūngao hauwai", engari kāore anō kia tohua te aronga whanaketanga motuhake o te umanga pūngao hauwai. Hei wawahi i ngā arai whakahaere me ngā aukati kaupapa here o te whanaketanga ahumahi, me whakapakari a Haina i te auahatanga kaupapa here, me whakatakoto ngā tikanga whakahaere pūngao hauwai tino tika, me whakamārama i ngā tukanga whakahaere me ngā umanga whakahaere o te whakarite, te rokiroki, te kawe me te whakakī, me te whakatinana i ngā kawenga o te tari tirotiro haumaru kawenga. Me piri ki te tauira o te tono whakaaturanga e akiaki ana i te whanaketanga ahumahi, me te whakatairanga whānui i te whanaketanga whakaaturanga kanorau o te pūngao hauwai i roto i te kawe waka, te rokiroki pūngao, te pūngao tohatoha me ētahi atu.
Hangaia he pūnaha tuku pūngao hauwai kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe.
Me whai whakaaro whānui ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe ki te kaha tuku hiko hauwai, te turanga ahumahi me te wāhi mākete i te rohe, i runga i ngā painga o ngā rauemi o nāianei me ngā rauemi pea, me whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga whakaputa hauwai e tika ana kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe, me whakahaere te hanganga o te kaha taurangi tuku hiko hauwai, me whakarite i te kaupapa matua ki te whakamahinga o te hauwai hua taha ahumahi, me te arotahi ki te whakawhanake i te whakaputa hauwai mai i te hiko whakahou. Me whakatenatena i ngā rohe whai mana ki te mahi tahi mā roto i ngā hongere maha ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha tuku hiko hauwai ā-rohe iti-waro, haumaru, pumau, me te ōhanga hei whakatutuki i te hiahia tuku o ngā puna hauwai nui.
Whakarei ake i te auahatanga hangarau o ngā taputapu whakaputa hauwai.
Arotahi ki te whakatairanga i te R&D, te hanga me te tono ahumahi o ngā taputapu matua mō te purenga hauwai me te hanga hauwai, me te hanga i tētahi pūnaha hangarau whanaketanga kounga teitei mō ngā hua taputapu pūngao hauwai mā te whakawhirinaki ki ngā hinonga whai hua i roto i te mekameka ahumahi. Tautokohia ngā hinonga matua i te mara o te hanga hauwai kia ārahi, whakatakotoranga i ngā papaaho auaha pēnei i te pokapū auaha ahumahi, te pokapū rangahau hangarau, te pokapū auaha hangarau me te pokapū auaha hanga, whakatau i ngā raruraru matua o ngā taputapu hanga hauwai, tautoko i ngā hinonga iti me te rahi "motuhake me te motuhake" kia whai wāhi ki te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau noa o ngā taputapu hanga hauwai, me te whakatipu i te maha o ngā hinonga toa kotahi me te kaha motuhake o te hangarau matua.
Whakakaha ake i te tautoko kaupapa here mō ngā teihana whakaputa hauwai me te whakapūnga hauwai whakauru.
E tohu ana te Mahere, kia tūhuratia ai ngā tauira hou pēnei i ngā teihana hauwai e whakauru ana i te hanga, te rokiroki me te hauwai i roto i te teihana, me pakaru e tātou ngā here kaupapa here mō te hanganga o ngā teihana whakauru mai i te pūtake. Whakauruhia te ture pūngao ā-motu i te wā e taea ai hei whakatau i te āhuatanga pūngao o te hauwai mai i te taumata o runga. Pakaruhia ngā here mō te hanganga o ngā teihana whakauru, whakatairangahia te hanga hauwai me ngā teihana hauwai whakauru, me te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga whakamātautau o te hanganga me te whakahaere o ngā teihana whakauru i roto i ngā rohe whanaketanga ōhanga me ngā rauemi hau māori whai rawa. Whakaratohia he tautoko pūtea mō te hanganga me te whakahaere o ngā teihana whakauru e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te ōhanga utu me ngā paerewa tukunga waro, tautoko i ngā umanga matua e tika ana ki te tono mō ngā umanga "motuhake me te motuhake" ā-motu, me te whakapai ake i ngā whakaritenga hangarau haumaru me ngā paerewa o ngā teihana hanga hauwai me te hauwai whakauru.
Te whakaatu me te whakatairanga i ngā tauira pakihi hou.
Whakatenatenahia te auahatanga tauira pakihi i roto i te ahua o te hanga hauwai whakauru i roto i ngā teihana, ngā teihana tuku hiko whānui mō te hinu, te hauwai me te hiko, me te whakahaere tahi o te "hauwai, ngā waka me ngā teihana". I ngā rohe he nui ngā waka pūtau wahie me te pēhanga nui ki te tuku hauwai, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā teihana whakauru mō te hanga hauwai me te hauwai mai i te hau māori, me te whakatenatena i ngā rohe he utu tika te hau māori me te whakahaere whakaaturanga o ngā waka pūtau wahie. I ngā rohe he nui ngā rauemi hau me te hiko wai me ngā horopaki tono pūngao hauwai, ka hangaia he teihana whakaputa hauwai me te hauwai whakauru me te pūngao whakahou, ka whakawhānui haere i te tauine whakaaturanga, ka hanga wheako tāruarua me te rongonui, me te whakateretere i te whakaiti waro me te utu o te hauwai pūngao.
(Kaituhi: te rōpū rangahau ahumahi ā muri ake nei o te Pokapū Tohutohu Mōhiohio Yiwei Zhiyuan o Beijing)
Wā tuku: Hepetema-29-2022
